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Finding the Right Fit: Decision-Making Supports and Guardianship

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There was a period in my practice that guardianship seemed like the only option for families of disabled adults. That is no longer the automatic solution. In our office we have always emphasized that there is no one size fits all. Guardianship does not solve most issues facing families with young adults with disabilities.

Here are a few scenarios that have come up over the years in my office.

            Matthew is 18. He is diagnosed with bi-polar disorder and a learning disability. Matthew only wants to play video games in the basement and refuses medication. The parents have been told by the school that they should seek guardianship in order to force Mathew to take medication.

            Anna is a young adult with Down Syndrome. She will be finishing her transition program at the high school next month on the day before her 22nd birthday. The parents have not pursued guardianship but rather worked with Anna in helping her make some of her decisions. Recently, Anna was sick with the flu and had to be hospitalized. The hospital wanted to make sure the parents had a legal right to make decisions.

            Frank is a young man with autism. He is non-verbal and is in a group home. His parents are very concerned about his care. They obtained guardianship of Frank when he turned 18.

The planning process for a family member with a disability should start well before the person’s 18th birthday. The educational team which includes the parents should discuss skills needed and any barriers or deficits that need remediation or support. Guardianship is not a must but an option. This is not an all or nothing approach of independence. There are other supports that exist to help.

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Let’s talk about our hypothetical of Matthew. Matthew has average intelligence. He is impulsive and has had 3 psychiatric hospitalizations in the last year. His parents finally persuaded him to sign a Power of Attorney for Health Care and a Mental Health Declaration so that they can help him in decision making and have information about his treatment. The school is still insisting on guardianship. The parents are not sure that guardianship is the right solution.

FAQ: What options exist other than guardianship?

  • A Power of Attorney for Health Care
  • Mental Health Declaration
  • Delegation of Rights (for special education decision making)

FAQ: Do the parents have a right to make Matthew take medication if they become his guardians?

  • No. Guardianship does not give you the power to forcibly medicate a person with a mental illness.
  • In Matthew’s case the law is clear that a guardian of the person cannot override his decision not to take medication in a non-emergency situation without a petition to the court. 2-107(a) reads in pertinent part as follows:

            A Guardian of the Person cannot override the decision of the patient/ward in a non-emergency situation without a petition to the court. An adult recipient of services or the recipient’s guardian, if the recipient is under guardianship and the recipient’s substitute decision maker, if any, must be informed of the recipient’s right to refuse medication or electroconvulsive therapy. The ward has a right to refuse medication in a non-emergency situation. However, a guardian may be authorized to consent to the administration of psychotropic medication or electroconvulsive therapy to an objecting recipient only under the standards and procedures of subsection(a-5). This refers to the seven requirements that must be met in order to override the ward’s refusal. The acting physician can also petition the court for the involuntary treatment of the ward if both the ward and the guardian refuse treatment and must prove the same seven things that the guardian would have to prove to overcome the lack of consent.

The following must be proven at a hearing with clear and convincing evidence.

  1. That the recipient has a serious mental health or developmental disability.
  2. That because of said mental illness or developmental disability, the recipient exhibits any one of the following:
    1. Deterioration of his or her ability to function, as compared to the recipient’s ability to function prior to the current onset of symptoms of the mental illness or disability for which treatment is presently sought.
    1. Suffering, or
    1. Threatening behavior.
  3. That the illness or disability has existed for a period marked by the continuing presence of the symptoms set forth in item (b)) of this subdivision (4) or the repeated episodic occurrence of these symptoms.
  4. That the benefits of the treatment outweigh the harm.
  5. That the recipient lacks the capacity to make a reasoned decision about the treatment.
  6. That other less restrictive services have been explored and found inappropriate.
  7. If the petition seeks authorization for testing and other procedures, that such testing and procedures are essential for the safe and effective administration of the treatment.

After the petition has been filed, the court has seven days to hold a hearing and the parties are entitled to a continuance of seven days by right. If the seven statutory factors are proven at a hearing the ward’s lack of consent is over-ridden. If they are not proven the ward’s decision is affirmed.

FAQ: Does Guardianship give Matthew’s parents the right to make him live in a group home?

  • No. Matthew must consent.
  • This is not intended to be an exhaustive discussion of all the complexities of the Mental Health Confidentiality Act or the Probate Act. The real intent of this discussion is that guardianship over an adult with mental illness does not give you a magic wand that allows you to force treatment or admission to a facility.

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The options for Anna. Not unlike the scenario in Matthew’s case, Anna’s parents had always assumed that they would become Anna’s guardians when she turned 18. However, as Anna moved through school and they met other parents it became clear that there may be less restrictive options for helping Anna navigate the world more independently.

Anna looked to her parents for help in managing her money. She had a job after school at a local pet store. She had very clear ideas about her clothes, music and food choices. Anna wanted to get an apartment at some time like her older sister. Anna’s parents wanted a place at the table to support her in decisions. Anna and her parents decided that at least for now, they would agree that she would execute a Power of Attorney for Health Care that would be used if serious medical issues arose. Anna’s mother always accompanied her to any doctor appointments. This was important to both of them. They found a doctor who was very good at explaining things to Anna and asking for her input. For now, they would not pursue guardianship.

Apps for Divorcing Parents

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FAQ: Why use a co-parenting app?

It centralizes communication and helps with organization. Even for divorcing or divorced parents it has been my experience that the apps provide a less emotional vehicle for communication. Using an app can also limit the he said, she said phenomenon.

            FAQ: What can an app do to help with scheduling?

Most apps provide an ability to use a shared calendar and allow you to provide notice to the other parent in the event of a schedule change. I represent many families with children who have special needs. Often the scheduling complexities of outside therapies, doctor’s visits are daunting to intact families. In divorced families, managing the scheduling is even more daunting. An app that gives a calendar and notifications regarding changes is essential and reduces the stress of constant communication.

            FAQ: My ex and I share expenses for our two children. Are there apps that track expenses?

Yes. Not all apps have an expense tracker, but most do. The list of common apps and their features is listed below.

            FAQ: My wife has been very verbally abusive on the phone when we discuss anything to do with our kids. Can an app help eliminate the tension or the constant fighting via phone or text?

The answer is yes. The apps aren’t perfect and for someone who is constantly angry they may not resolve that completely. However, I have been involved in high conflict divorces where the court may order that all communication ( with the exception of an emergency) be conducted through an app. This does reduce much of the free-floating anger and allows for more detached communication.

Apps for Coparenting

Our Family Wizard

A divorce couple created the Our Family Wizard platform to help keep communication between co-parents as harmonious as possible. Each parent has their own account, and can then add as many third party, child accounts and professional accounts as the require at no extra cost. Attorneys and mediators are examples of third- party accounts. There is an option extra called a ToneMeter. This is designed to pick up on negative tones in a message and giving you an alternative that’s less likely to start an argument. It also tracks and logs communications, providing access to accurate records that may be used in court proceedings.

Costs: $99.00 per year with a thirty- day money back guarantee. Each parent must subscribe. The ToneMeter is available for an additional $10.00 charge annually.

Talking Parents

Talking Parents is an app that is free for the basic subscription. It has fewer options even with the upgrades at an additionally monthly cost. This app is a good option for parents who want to an ability to communicate with a secure system that allows the parties to keep a record of communications.

Cozi

Cozi is a free co-parenting app that allows you to set up shared calendars, create to do-lists, share photos and other information. The basic version is free. It can be shared with anyone who needs to access the shared calendar and other information. Upgrades are available.

Coparently

  • Shared Calendar
  • Tracks Expenses
  • Mobile Access

Cost is $99.00 per year per parent.

Most of the apps offer a free-trial period. Determine which one works for your situation. Discuss the use of the app with the other parent. The courts in high conflict situations may require parties to utilize apps for communications and this is often incorporated into a court order.

If you are contemplating divorce or struggling to co-parent with the other parent or want advice on how to proceed legally to achieve the best outcomes for you, your children and family. Call me to discuss how our firm can assist you in this journey. (312)-640-0500 or via e-mail at mmoran@grundlaw.com.

The Holidays and Divorced or Separating Families

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The holidays can be fraught with tension for many families who are divorced or who are in transition. Over the years of my practice as a family law attorney, I have developed a list of those things that can help during this complicated time of year.

1. Plan ahead.  That may sound simple but very often clients find themselves in “emergencies” that their ex-spouse has generated. Sit down with a calendar and plan the days that loom ahead. Ask yourself if you and your co-parent are in agreement on where and when the children will be for each designated holiday. These details should be in a well-drafted Parenting Plan.  However, parents may disagree on the language or fairness of the allocation of parenting time. This needs to be addressed before the holiday season and not on the day before a major event.

  • Communicate in writing with the other parent. Outline the itinerary if applicable for the upcoming holidays. Confirm in writing that there is an agreement regarding the pick -up times, dates, and any other details that are necessary. Document your efforts to resolve any dispute or your efforts at co-parenting.
  • Let the children or teenagers know of the plans. This discussion and how it is presented varies by age and developmental level. They should not be put in the middle of any discussion where there is a dispute. However, letting them know of the schedule can help ease any anxiety about how the holidays will be celebrated with each parent.
  • Stay positive and be flexible.

2. Determine how you will communicate with your children when they aren’t with you. Don’t infringe on the other parent’s time. Let them know you care, but keep it short and positive.

3. If you are struggling with the holidays as a result of the divorce or simply because they are hard, don’t share that with the children. Things will get better.  

4. If there is an emergency or your ex-spouse is being difficult, keep in mind that judges don’t respond favorably to emergencies that are a result of procrastinating or playing gotcha with the other parent. If you anticipate a problem, plan ahead and let your attorney know of your concerns well in advance of the upcoming holiday or event.

5. Prepare your children or teens for the transitions and changes. Do the right thing and take the high road.

6. Do your best to enjoy the holiday events. Create new rituals for yourself and with your children.

Elements of an Effective Parenting Plan for Divorcing Couples

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There is no one size fits all parenting plan. It should be based upon the best interests of your children and what works for your family. I have created a checklist that is a good starting point for parents who are contemplating divorce or separation to address the numerous issues that need to be addressed in a parenting plan.

There is no one size fits all parenting plan. It should be based upon the best interests of your children and what works for your family. I have created a checklist that is a good starting point for parents who are contemplating divorce or separation to address the numerous issues that need to be addressed in a parenting plan.

Parenting Schedule (Research supports the concept that frequent continued contact with both parents is best for children in most situations). *

  • There is no mathematical formula that is automatically applied.
  • The question is how your child will divide their time between both homes.
  • Your child’s unique needs should be the center of any discussion.
  • 50/50 isn’t always best for the children
  • Transportation. Who, Where and When? Pick up and drop off times should be specified.
  • School District considerations
  • How will we juggle extracurricular activities, after school, or other events?
  • Will one parent return to work?
  • Do any of the children have special needs?

*Tip:  Print a paper calendar and outline the proposed schedule. I recommend doing this for an entire calendar year. (should include holidays, vacations, school breaks)

Holidays/Special Dates*  What holidays are celebrated by your family?

  • Birthdays
  • Parents Birthdays
  • Special Events (evolving)
  • Father’s Day
  • Mother’s Day
  • Shared holidays
  • Alternated holidays

*Tip: Check dates on the calendars several years in advance. Map them out on a calendar so you get a visual of what this will look like. Check school calendars as well.

Travel and Vacations:  How much advance notice does each parent want or need to plan for vacations/travel?

  • How much vacation time will each parent have each year?
  • Will the children be required to travel?
  • Who will pay for the cost of travel?

Schedule Changes:

  • Life Happens. Flexibility is important.
  • Emergency vs. non-emergency situations.
  • Children need predictability. Schedule changes should be minimized.

Decision Making:

  • Shared/ Sole or Split
  • Education
  • Medical
  • Extracurricular

Communication:  Between parents (computer-based communication systems are recommended).

  • With the parents
  • Frequency
  • Text/Cell phone/Skype

Expenses:  Draft a budget for anticipated expenses. (e.g. orthodontia, sports, tutoring)

  • Co-Pays?
  • Shared?

Resources:

Responding to DCFS: What to do if The Department of Children and Family Service (“DCFS”) calls or shows up?

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In my experience this is a call that causes panic in even the calmest among us. Visions of their children taken from their homes and the notion that some harm has been caused and that the parent is being accused of some wrong doing makes families feel exposed and scared.

Here are some frequently asked questions that may help in advising clients or when you are confronted with a call from a DCFS worker. This list is not exhaustive and is not intended as legal advice. Every situation is different. Call an attorney for advice prior to speaking to DCFS.

Can I refuse to talk to DCFS or refuse to allow my children to be interviewed?

Yes. However, this refusal will be used against you. DCFS may then determine that they should interview your children at school or take even more serious steps. If the police are involved and there is a criminal investigation, you should absolutely consult an attorney before speaking to DCFS.

Am I allowed to have an attorney present for the interview?

Yes. You are entitled to speak to an attorney before cooperating with the DCFS investigation.

What if I don’t know why DCFS is investigating me or my family?

You should ask in the very first contact with the DCFS investigator what the specific allegations or what you are being accused of? Be polite and respectful regardless of how angry you feel about the allegations.

You are not entitled to know who made the allegations.

Does my child have a right to have someone with them when they are interviewed?

Yes. You should insist that they have someone else present when they interview your child. You should also have another person in the room with you when you are interviewed.

What if DCFS tells me I can only have limited or no contact with my child and insists on a “safety plan”?

Call your attorney. If that isn’t possible, have another adult in the room with you when you review the conditions and terms of the safety plan.

If you are a parent or a mandated reporter under Illinois law please feel free to contact our office for a consultation regarding your legal rights regarding DCFS investigations and reporting.

Selected Bibliography for Children and Divorce

Selected Bibliography for Children and Divorce

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Two Homes by Claire Masurel

Dinosaurs Divorce by Lauren Krasny Brown and Marc Brown

My Family’s Changing by Pat Thomas

The Invisible String by Patrice Karst

It’s Not Your Fault, Koko Bear  by Vicki Lansky

I Don’t Want to Talk About It, by Jeanie Franz Ransom

What Can I Do? A Book for Children of Divorce by Danielle Lowry

It’s Not The End of the World by Judy Blume

Divorce is Not the End of the World by Zoe and Evan Stern

Mom’s House, Dad’s House for Kids by isolina Ricii

Divorce is the Worst by Anastasia Higginbothom

A Brand New Day: Banana Split Story by A.S. Chung and Paula Bossio

Was It the Chocolate Pudding? A Story for Little Kids About Divorce by Sandra Levins

Fred Stays with Me by Nancy Coffeit and Tricia Tusa

Living with Mom and Dad by Melanie Walsh

My Mom and Dad Don’t Live Together Anymore by Judith Aron Rubin, Ph.D

How it Feels When Parents Divorce by Alfred A. Knopf

When My Parents Forgot to be Friends by Jennifer Moore-Malinois

What in the World Do You Do When Your Parents Divorce? A Survival Guide for Kids by Kent Winchester and Roberta Beyer

Changes to the New Tax Law that will Impact How Maintenance and Alimony is Taxed

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In the past, maintenance or what has been formerly referred to as alimony was taxable to the person receiving the payment (obligee) and deductible to the person who was paying (obligor). Federal law determines the taxability of maintenance. As of December 31,2018, all of this is going to change. After this date, if an award of maintenance is deemed appropriate by a judge or by agreement, maintenance will no longer be income to the receiving spouse and will not be deductible by the paying spouse. This may significantly impact how divorcing couples choose to draft their agreements and make financial decisions in the context of divorce negotiations.

The ability to deduct maintenance payments has in many cases been a motivator to the higher wage earner to settle a case by paying the spouse with the lower income more substantial support. Removal of this option may make it more difficult to resolve cases.
The person receiving maintenance who no longer has the ability to declare this as income will potentially be in a lower income bracket and may be eligible for the child tax credit or other tax benefits.
Resource:

Estrangement and Parental Alienation are NOT the Same Thing

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In my years of practicing family law and working with all kinds of family structures in my divorce practice, as well as in the other areas of law that we deal with in our office (e.g. special education, mental health law, juvenile law), the words alienation syndrome are often mentioned by clients either during a divorce or in the aftermath and ongoing conflict. It is important to distinguish the phenomena and they are quite different.

Estranged children

The difference between an estranged child and an alienated child is that an estranged child has grown apart from the parent for reasons that are, to be blunt, reasonable and realistic. An alienated child, however, is the victim of one parent’s efforts to destroy the child’s relationship with the other parent.

An estranged child is either ambivalent about the other parent or enraged by the other parent. These feelings are, however, justified by the child’s experience of the separation or by the child’s experience of that parent.

These children are usually estranged as a result of:

  • witnessing violence committed by that parent against the other parent,
  • being the victim of abuse from that parent,
  • the parent’s persistently immature and self-centered behavior,
  • the parent’s unduly rigid and restrictive parenting style, and/or,
  • the parent’s own psychological or psychiatric issues.

The point here is that the child’s experiences make the child’s rejection of a parent reasonable, and are an adaptive and protective response to the parent’s behavior.

Alienated children:

There is an ongoing debate about whether or not parental alienation syndrome even exists. On both sides of the aisle, you will find strident detractors and supporters. The recent research would indicate that alienation is a term that describes a wide spectrum of behavior and attachment by children to their parents.

Whatever the cause or the existence of syndrome, there are families who are damaged by the conduct of the parties in a divorce and in subsequent parenting disputes.

There are no sound bites or easy fixes. Resources exist for parents who are struggling to connect with their children and to navigate a high conflict divorce and its aftermath.

Resources:

Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health Professionals, by Lorandos, D.

High Conflict Custody Battle, by Baker, Amy J.L.

AFCC: Association of Family and Conciliation Courts

Statutory Factors that Judges Utilize in the Allocation of Parent Responsibilities: Decision Making

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Parents can certainly agree to share decision making and allocation of time. However, in the absence of an agreement, courts will look to the factors outlined in the statute in determining parenting time and decision making. The court may even appoint an expert to make findings regarding the allocation of parenting time and allocation of parental responsibilities with the applicable factors in mind under the statute.

Trying to reach an agreement with the other parent (when possible) is much better for your child and also affords you control over the outcomes. If you are unable to agree, the Judge will take into consideration the specific facts in your case and how they fit into the statutory framework for allocating parenting time and decision making. Of course, not every case will necessarily involve all the factors.
The statute below enumerates the factors the court considers. However, it needs to be understood and read in the context of other statutes. Section 600, 602, 602.1, 604.10 and 603.10
750 ILCS 5/602.5) 
    Sec. 602.5. 
Allocation of parental responsibilities: decision-making.
    (a) Generally. The court shall allocate decision-making responsibilities according to the child’s best interests. Nothing in this Act requires that each parent be allocated decision-making responsibilities.
    (b) Allocation of significant decision-making responsibilities. Unless the parents otherwise agree in writing on an allocation of significant decision-making responsibilities, or the issue of the allocation of parental responsibilities has been reserved under Section 401, the court shall make the determination. The court shall allocate to one or both of the parents the significant decision-making responsibility for each significant issue affecting the child. Those significant issues shall include, without limitation, the following:
(1) Education, including the choice of schools and tutor
(2) Health, including all decisions relating to the medical, dental, and psychological needs of the child and to the treatments arising or resulting from those needs.
(3) Religion, subject to the following provisions:
(A) The court shall allocate decision-making responsibility for the child’s religious upbringing in accordance with any express or implied agreement between the parents.
     (B) The court shall consider evidence of the parents’ past conduct as to the child’s religious upbringing in allocating decision-making responsibilities consistent with demonstrated past conduct in the absence of an express or implied agreement between the parents.
     (C) The court shall not allocate any aspect of the child’s religious upbringing if it determines that the parents do not or did not have an express or implied agreement for such religious upbringing or that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a course of conduct regarding the child’s religious upbringing that could serve as a basis for any such order.
(4) Extracurricular activities.
(c) Determination of child’s best interests. In determining the child’s best interests for purposes of allocating significant decision-making responsibilities, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including, without limitation, the following:
(1) the wishes of the child, taking into account the child’s maturity and ability to express reasoned and independent preferences as to decision-making;
(2) the child’s adjustment to his or her home, school and community;
(3) the mental and physical health of all individuals involved;
(4) the ability of the parents to cooperate to make decisions, or the level of conflict between the parties that may affect their ability to share decision-making;
(5) the level of each parent’s participation in past significant decision-making with respect to the child;
(6) any prior agreement or course of conduct between the parents relating to decision-making with respect to the child;
(7) the wishes of the parents;
(8) the child’s needs;
(9) the distance between the parents’ residences, the cost and difficulty of transporting the child, each parent’s and the child’s daily schedules, and the ability of the parents to cooperate in the arrangement;
(10) whether a restriction on decision-making is appropriate under Section 603.10;
(11) the willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the other parent and the child;
(12) the physical violence or threat of physical violence by the child’s parent directed against the child;
(13) the occurrence of abuse against the child or other member of the child’s household;
(14) whether one of the parents is a sex offender, and if so, the exact nature of the offense and what, if any, treatment in which the parent has successfully participated; and
(15) any other factor that the court expressly finds to be relevant.
    (d) A parent shall have sole responsibility for making routine decisions with respect to the child and for emergency decisions affecting the child’s health and safety during that parent’s parenting time.
(e) In allocating significant decision-making responsibilities, the court shall not consider conduct of a parent that does not affect that parent’s relationship to the child.
(Source: P.A. 99-90, eff. 1-1-16.)

School Shootings: A Perspective

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Since the shooting at Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida this month, I have been once again thinking about how school shootings have become a tragic and all too common event in this country. I have avoided this discussion in a wider forum because the issues are complex and emotionally charged for people. To say nothing is to accept this as the new normal and to dishonor all the children and school personnel murdered and the lives destroyed by this senseless violence.

When my son was four years old, we moved to the North Shore of Chicago. On a beautiful May morning in 1988, the two of us went for a walk in Winnetka, very close to where we lived. This was a time before cell phones announced tragedy or communicated immediate information. In this normally tranquil town where we stood in line waiting to buy a cookie at a bakery, the sounds of sirens filled the air, a helicopter circled over-head; something felt wrong. I told my son that rather than play at the park, we would go home. Once at home, I turned on the television to find the news that there had been a shooting at Hubbard Woods School. Children had been injured and perhaps killed. The shooter, a young woman from the nearby suburb and babysitter to many children had taken hostages in a house less than a mile from ours. I shielded my son from this news as I absorbed the idea that someone would and could walk into a school and kill innocent children. That afternoon the neighborhood was as silent as a tomb, everyone locked inside and stunned.

Later that day, the news of second grader Nicholas Corwin’s death was announced, along with other injuries. I couldn’t breathe when I thought of this event. I couldn’t imagine losing my son at all but to be shot in school seemed a violation of a basic tenet of life. It had until that time never occurred to me that my son, or any child, could be murdered at school, the victim of random violence. We lived in a safe neighborhood, protected from this possibility, or so we believed.

As the years passed following the Laurie Dann shooting, I persuaded myself that this was an exceedingly rare tragedy. Children should go to school and will be safe. My son did, and he was safe, but the notion that at any moment that would change was ever present.

Several years after that shooting I returned to law practice and opened an office focusing on representing children and teens with mental health issues and other disorders. Many of my clients were idiosyncratic and suffering from mental health challenges that made school and life a challenge. Four years after I started my practice, on April 20,1999, the shootings at Columbine High School occurred. The Columbine shooting changed my practice and for the next two years, any student who was different, wearing a black trench coat or appearing a little odd, was met with suspicion. Schools requested evaluations, placed students in alternative schools and over-reacted in many instances to students who were not in the mainstream. No school wanted to be accused of failing to investigate a potential school shooter. Security tightened in school buildings, particularly high schools. Metal detectors were installed in some schools, and the presence of security guards and police assigned to schools increased.

Then the Sandy Hook massacre occurred. This was followed by an outcry by school personnel, gun control advocates or their opponents, accompanied by anguished parents begging for this to stop, generating a conversation that yielded nothing but inaction by our legislatures who are more invested in the gun lobby than the lives of children. At the end of the day, twenty- six people were killed at the school, twenty of them children.

As part of my work, I am in schools several times a week. Following Sandy Hook, bullet proof entrances to elementary and middle schools were built. Security tightened. These efforts are not enough. They may provide an illusion of security but these measures aren’t addressing the underlying issues around school shootings and they will not stop these events from occurring again and again. There have been over One Hundred school shootings since Columbine. This number should and does shock me to the core. No one should view this as a given in this country.

The carnage continues. There is no sustained effort to stop this slaughter, to make schools a place of refuge rather than fear. We must do something and this is possible.

All of us should stand with the students on March 14th for the National School Walkout,  and on March 24th for the March For Our Lives to demand action on this issue.

March For Our Lives

March For Our Lives on Facebook

National School Walkout

 

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